Supplements Source

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Source: http://www.tuitnutrition.com/2018/10/youtube.html

Despite its sweet flavor and pleasant aroma, coumarin is a chemical that can have serious effects on health when consumed in high amounts. In fact, high doses have been linked to liver damage, impaired cognitive development and even cancer formation in both animal and human studies. However, coumarin is found distributed throughout the food supply and is naturally present in many otherwise nutrient-dense foods like cinnamon, celery, strawberries and apricots. Plus, it’s commonly used in the production of blood-thinning medications and is often added to fragrances and cosmetics alike.

So is coumarin safe, and how can you be sure you’re not going over the recommended daily limit? Here’s what you need to know about this controversial chemical.

What Is Coumarin?

Coumarin is a chemical compound found in a variety of different plants. It has a fragrant, sweet odor and flavor and is often added to fragrances and cosmetics. It’s also used as a precursor to anticoagulant medications, such as warfarin and Coumadin, which help promote blood circulation and prevent the formation of blood clots.

Many different foods contain coumarin, but it’s typically found in very small amounts well under the daily limit of 0.05 milligrams/pound of body weight. The exception is cassia cinnamon, which is one of the most concentrated sources of coumarin in the diet. In fact, even a few teaspoons of cassia cinnamon can put you over the recommended daily limit.

In the past, synthetic coumarin was also used as a food additive to enhance the flavor of foods. However, in 1954, the U.S. Food and Drug Agency banned the use of coumarin as a food additive due to reports of its potentially harmful effects on health in animal studies. (1)

High doses of coumarin consumption have been associated with a range of adverse side effects, including liver damage and impaired cognitive development. Plus, it may also promote tumor formation and could cause short-term side effects like nausea, diarrhea and headaches, according to animal models, case reports and human studies.

1. Can Damage Liver Health
2. May Promote Cancer Development
3. Could Impair Cognitive Development
4. Causes Short-Term Negative Side Effects

1. Can Damage Liver Health

One of the primary concerns associated with coumarin consumption is its potential to cause liver disease. Its use as a food additive was even banned in the United States following an animal study that evaluated the effects of coumarin toxicity and showed that it could have liver-damaging effects when administered to rats. (2)

While research is still mostly restricted to animal models, some studies have even found that it could have similar effects on liver function in humans as well. In fact, one report published by the Department of Internal Medicine at University Hospital in Frankfurt, Germany described a case of severe hepatitis and liver damage in a 56-year-old woman that was caused by the use of an anticoagulant drug derived from coumarin. (3)

2. May Promote Cancer Development

Some research suggests that coumarin may be carcinogenic and could promote the formation of tumor cells when consumed in very high doses. In particular, animal models have found that it may be especially harmful for the liver and lungs and could potentially lead to cancer development.

Unfortunately, though, evidence on the carcinogenic effects of coumarin in humans is very limited, so it’s unclear whether it may have the same cancer-causing effects in people taking high doses. According to a review published in Food and Chemical Toxicology, exposure to coumarin from food or cosmetic products poses no health risk to humans. (4) However, more research is still needed to understand how it may affect the general population.

3. Could Impair Cognitive Development

Findings from several studies show that coumarin and certain medications derived from it may play a role in cognitive development. Some research reports that fetal exposure to it may be linked to an increased risk of neurological problems and cognitive deficits later in life.

One study published in the journal Early Human Development, for example, showed that exposure to coumarin derivatives while in utero was tied to a 90 percent increased risk of mild neurological dysfunction, especially when exposure occurred during the second or third trimester. (5) Similarly, another study published in Early Human Development compared a group of children who had been exposed to coumarins during pregnancy with a control group and found that those who scored the lowest in terms of IQ and neurological development had been exposed to coumarin-derived medications.

Keep in mind, however, that these studies looked at the effects of blood-thinning medications derived from coumarin rather than from food sources alone. Additional studies are needed to examine how exposure to high doses from food may affect cognitive development.

4. Causes Short-Term Negative Side Effects

When consumed in high doses, coumarin can cause several short-term negative side effects, most of which will usually resolve on their own with time. Some of the most commonly reported adverse symptoms of coumarin include blurred vision, nausea, diarrhea, headaches and loss of appetite. Talk to your doctor immediately if you experience these or other side effects like unusual bleeding, bruising or blood in the urine or stools, all of which could indicate a more serious problem.

Any Potential Benefits?

It’s generally recommended to limit coumarin consumption due to the long list of potential side effects and dangers that it is commonly associated with. However, some studies have found that it may have some benefits as well and could even be useful in the treatment of certain medical conditions. In fact, studies have also found that it may possess powerful antifungal, antiviral, anti-hypertensive, neuro-protective and anti-hyperglycemic properties. (6)

So what is coumarin used for? Studies show that it may be especially beneficial in the treatment of lymphedema. Lymphedema is a condition characterized by the swelling of your arms or legs due to the buildup of lymph fluid under the skin. (7)

Coumarin may also increase levels of antithrombin, an important protein that helps regulate blood clotting. (8) For this reason, it is used as a precursor to Coumadin/warfarin, a medication that acts as an anticoagulant and blood thinner.

Research shows that it may also help relieve inflammation to reduce the risk of chronic disease. For instance, one animal study published in the journal Phytomedicine showed that coumarin derivatives had antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and were able to protect cells against damage to aid in the prevention of inflammatory intestinal conditions. (9)

Top 14 Coumarin Foods

Coumarin is found naturally in many plant foods and may also be added to certain food additives and flavorings, like vanilla extract. Keep in mind that many healthy foods may contain small amounts of this compound but can still be included as part of a balanced diet when consumed in moderation.

Here are some of the most common sources of coumarin in the diet (10, 11):

1. Cassia Cinnamon
2. Mexican Vanilla
3. Tonka Beans
4. Strawberries
5. Cherries
6. Apricots
7. Green Tea
8. Celery
9. Bilberry
10. Honey
11. Carrots
12. Sweet Clover
13. Peppermint
14. Licorice Root

Coumarin in Ayurveda and TCM

Although coumarin is not typically used in holistic forms of medicine, many of the foods that it’s found in are. Cassia cinnamon, in particular, contains a highly concentrated dose in each serving. It is often considered a staple ingredient in both Ayurveda and Traditional Chinese Medicine.

Cassia cinnamon has been used in Traditional Chinese Medicine for thousands of years. It is revered for its potent healing properties. It’s most often used to boost energy levels and circulation. Plus, cassia cinnamon is used to treat issues like gas, colds, nausea, diarrhea and painful menstruation.

Meanwhile, it is frequently used on the Ayurvedic diet to enhance libido, prevent gastrointestinal problems, increase circulation and relieve indigestion. It’s typically recommended for people with the kapha dosha. Cassia cinnamon is considered a natural treatment for diabetes and high blood sugar as well.

Coumarin vs. Coumadin vs. Curcumin

Coumarin is a naturally occurring compound found in many plants. It is responsible for the sweet smell of ingredients like sweet woodruff and sweet clover. The coumarin in cinnamon is the most concentrated dietary source, with some reports showing that cassia cinnamon contains up to 63 times more coumarin than Ceylon. (12) It is also synthesized and used as a precursor to coumarin drugs like warfarin, also known as Coumadin.

Coumadin is a type of prescription blood-thinning medication that is used to help treat and prevent the formation of blood clots in the body. This ensures proper blood flow. It can reduce the risk of serious problems like heart attack, pulmonary embolism and stroke to keep you healthy. Coumadin is not found in nature and should be taken under medical supervision due to the high risk of adverse side effects.

Curcumin, on the other hand, is the active ingredient found in turmeric that is responsible for supplying it with its vibrant yellow hue and powerful health-promoting properties. The benefits of curcumin have been well-documented. Studies show that it can do everything from relieve pain to balance cholesterol levels and beyond. (13, 14) Like Coumadin, it may also help inhibit platelet aggregation to block blood clot formation. This could potentially reduce the risk of heart attacks and stroke. (15, 16)

How to Limit Consumption

Coumarin is found in many different food sources, many of which are nutritious and can be included in moderation as part of a healthy, well-rounded diet. Green tea, for example, contains a small amount but is also loaded with catechins and antioxidants that can help fight free radical formation and promote better health. Similarly, strawberries may contain some, but they are also incredibly nutrient-dense and pack tons of important vitamins and minerals into each serving.

Cassia cinnamon supplies the highest amount of coumarin in the diet, containing about 5 milligrams in each teaspoon. It’s typically recommended to keep intake under 0.05 milligrams/pound of body weight. That means that it takes just 1.5 teaspoons to go over the daily limit for a person who is 150 pounds.

Swapping cassia cinnamon for Ceylon cinnamon is the best way to reduce coumarin consumption while still taking advantage of the unique health benefits of cinnamon. These include reduced inflammation, better blood sugar levels and protection against neurodegenerative disorders. (17, 18, 19)

Additionally, be sure to opt for pure vanilla extract rather than Mexican vanilla flavoring. Mexican vanilla flavoring may contain high amounts of coumarin. Although coumarin is banned as a food additive in the United States due to its potentially harmful effects on health, its use is not as tightly regulated in other countries. Read the label carefully to ensure you get pure vanilla rather than a cheap imitation that could come with negative side effects.

History/Facts

Coumarin was initially isolated from tonka beans in 1820 by scientist August Vogel, who actually mistook it for benzoic acid due to its similar chemical structure. That same year, Nicholas Jean Baptiste Gaston Guibourt, another scientist from France, also isolated it but recognized that it was different from benzoic acid. Guibourt named the substance “coumarine,” which stems from the French word for tonka beans, coumarou. (20)

A few years later in 1868, an English scientist named William Henry Perkin was the first to successfully synthesize coumarin in the lab. Because of its pleasant and sweet aroma, it became a staple ingredient in cosmetics and fragrances. It was also used as a precursor to anticoagulants, including many that are frequently used today, such as warfarin and Coumadin.

In 1954, the U.S. Food and Drug Agency banned its use as a food additive after a series of animal models reported that it could cause liver damage and may have potentially harmful effects on health. Today, coumarin itself is still not added to foods or beverages. However, natural additives that contain it, such as sweet woodruff, are often used to flavor some alcoholic drinks.

Precautions

Coumarin has been associated with many adverse effects on health. That doesn’t mean it needs to be avoided altogether. In fact, it’s naturally found in many foods that are highly nutritious, including strawberries, green tea and apricots. To sidestep negative symptoms, be sure to stay well below the recommended daily limit by reducing your intake of highly concentrated sources of coumarin, such as cassia cinnamon and Mexican vanilla flavoring.

Final Thoughts

• Coumarin is a chemical compound found in many different plants, including the tonka bean, sweet clover and sweet woodruff.
• In the past, it was used as a food additive and common ingredient in fragrances and cosmetics. One of the current coumarin uses includes the synthesis of anticoagulant drugs like warfarin and Coumadin.
• Coumarin has been shown to reduce inflammation, prevent the buildup of lymph fluid under the skin and increase levels of antithrombin, a protein involved in blood clotting.
• However, high doses of coumarin and coumarin-derived medications can cause liver damage and may contribute to cognitive impairment and cancer formation.
• It is found naturally in many sources, including strawberries, cherries, apricots and green tea. Cassia cinnamon is one of the most highly concentrated sources of coumarin, and even a teaspoon can easily put you over the daily limit.
• For this reason, it’s best to opt for Ceylon cinnamon whenever possible and limit coumarin intake to maximize the health of your diet.

Read Next: Pepsin: Signs You Need More of This Digestive Enzyme & How to Get It in Your Diet

TraceGains​ is a platform that allows companies to automate and streamline their processes through instant information sharing and collaboration throughout the supply chain. In addition to facilitating compliance documentation, companies using TraceGains can access a directory of suppliers and ingredients that currently includes more than 5,900 suppliers in 90+ countries, over 100,000 ingredients and a library of 550,000+ discoverable documents.

“We have an increasingly complex supply chain and regulatory landscape,”​ said Loren Israelsen, UNPA president. “Both domestic and foreign suppliers are often not equipped to meet the new Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA) recordkeeping requirements, and the industry as a whole is suffering from certifier audit fatigue. ​

“UNPA chose to partner with TraceGains because the supply chain transparency its software provides is in alignment with UNPA’s long-standing mission to help industry provide end-use consumers with natural health products of superior quality, benefit, reliability and sustainability.”​

Gary Nowacki, TraceGains CEO, added: “Supplement companies are struggling to stay on top of the growing mountain of regulatory documentation required to ensure product safety. ​

“It’s also time-consuming and difficult for manufacturers to find compliant suppliers and key ingredients. We recognized these challenges and built an advanced network platform that’s revolutionizing information exchange between buyers and sellers. We’re pleased to partner with UNPA to ensure more businesses can join us in transforming the supply chain.”​

TraceGains recently purchased the assets of Portland, OR-based Healthnotes​. Both companies had developed software suites to manage the increasingly complex documentation required to stay abreast of evolving regulations.  The documentation required under DSHEA (the Dietary Supplements Health and Education Act) for supplements was already voluminous.  Now companies playing in both realms need to keep up with what’s required under FSMA (Food Safety Modernization Act), which is billed as the biggest change in food industry regulation in more than 80 years.

TraceGains and UNPA will jointly conduct educational programs to help address industry pain points, such as FSMA, new product development and audit readiness, according to a joint release. In addition, the UNPA-TraceGains alliance will work collaboratively to develop and promote industry best practices around raw ingredient sourcing to boost supply chain trust and transparency.

HUM Nutrition scientists have identified a proprietary combination of prebiotics and a diversified combination of probiotic strains that specifically target the gut-skin axis by balancing and nurturing the body's microbiome. The formula features konjac root, a prebiotic that feeds the body's good bacteria; along with nine strains of probiotic bacteria totaling 40 billion colony forming units (CFUs). Skin Heroes is vegan, vegetarian, non-GMO, gluten-free, and sustainably sourced.

In addition, HUM recently concluded an eight-week dermatologist supervised pilot study in which the Skin Heroes formula has shown to visibly reduce breakouts, decrease redness, improve skin hydration, and balance digestion. To demonstrate the benefits of Skin Heroes, the company commissioned a consumer trial with 27 participants (23 completed) that was supervised by a dermatologist and a Registered Dietitian. At the end of the eight-week trial, 88% of participants reported a decrease in the severity of their breakouts and 81% reported more balanced digestion. Furthermore, skin hydration improved.
 

Researchers from the University of Pavia and the University of Bologna recently published the results of a six-month trial that explored the efficacy of Gdue​​, a dietary supplement by Italian company Aesulapius Farmaceutici which contains the proprietary ingredient InSea2 by Canadian firm innoVactiv.

The ingredient, which went through the self-affirmed GRAS process in 2017​​, contains polyphenols extracted from the algae Ascophyllum nodosum ​and Fucus vesiculosus​, as well as chromium picolinate.

“We can conclude that the administration of nutraceutical containing [this] polyphenolic composition…can be helpful, in addition to a correct lifestyle, in improving insulin sensitivity and glycemic status,” ​the authors wrote in the journal Phytotherapy Research​, which published the study​​ earlier this month.

These latest results revealed a correlation between supplementation with an improvement in blood glucose, as well as regression from impaired fasting glucose to normal glucose tolerance. Normalization of glycemic status occurred to 18.2% of study participants in the nutraceutical group compared to 0% in the placebo group.

“While all treated and placebo subjects followed the same strict diet and exercise regimen, researchers noticed a clear degradation of the glycemic condition in the placebo group​,”​ said Jocelyn Bérubé, EVP of science and regulatory affairs for innoVactiv.

Additionally, he added, these latest results show the benefit of taking a supplement containing InSea2 daily over a longer period of time, whereas previous studies on the active have only explored its immediate effects.

The study’s authors, however, noted that one limitation of the study is that researchers did not verify if the effects recorded were maintained even after the study end. In addition, the sample size was relatively homogenous and small, and the duration relatively short.

Nevertheless, Bérubé added: “We are thrilled about these new results, as they demonstrate the dramatic impact the use of InSea2​ can have when taken on a daily basis.”​

Source: ​Phytotherapy Research​
Published online ahead of print, DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6272​​
“Ascophyllum nodosum and Fucus vesiculosus on glycemic status and on endothelial damage markers in dysglicemic patients”​
Authors: Giuseppe Derosa

Eggs Cannot Be Defined by Law Mercola Feb 2018

• “The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has a rule that forbids the creation of a definition for eggs, stating “no regulation shall be promulgated fixing and establishing a reasonable definition and standard of identity for the food commonly known as eggs””
• Choline. . .was first officially recognized by the Institute of Medicine as an essential nutrient in 1998”
  The AI for adults is 550 mg/day of choline for men and 425 mg/day for women
• . . . “only 8 percent of U.S. adults are getting enough choline”
• Eat eggs: 57 % met the (AI) levels for choline,
  Eat no eggs: 2.4 % have adequate intak of Choline

Top 17 Scientific Health Benefits of Choline Self-Hacked Jan 2018

1) Low Choline Levels Will Cause Liver Damage
2) Choline May Decrease Inflammation
3) Choline Is Required To Build Myelin And Increases Myelination
4) Choline Can Help Improve Cognitive Performance
5) Choline Can Help Improve Symptoms of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Disease
6) Low Choline Levels May Increase Risk of Cancer
7-9) Choline May Help Schizophrenia, Bipolar and Autism
10) Choline May Improve Recovery of Those Suffering From Brain Injuries
11) High Levels of Choline May Help Increase Athletic Performance
12) High Levels of Choline May Decrease Appetite
13) Choline May Help Treat Drug Addiction
14) Choline is Essential to Fetal Development
15) Choline is Important in Determining Gene Expression During Development
16) Low Choline Levels May Prevent Proper Lipid Metabolism in The Intestines
17) Choline May Help Improve Symptoms of Glaucoma

Lecetin is another good source of Choline

Lecetin was originally made from egg yolks

Vitamins and Minerals in Human Nutrition - 2000: Chapter 14 = Choline__

&nbspDownload the PDF from VitaminDWiki
Also discusses healrh problems in animals having low Choline levels

Fatty Liver Disease Is Triggered by Choline Deficiency - March 2019

Mercola

• "An estimated 90 percent of the U.S. population are deficient in choline, a nutrient required to move fat out of your liver"
• "Choline deficiency appears to be a far more significant trigger of NAFLD than excess fructose, and the rise in NAFLD may be largely the result of the widespread avoidance of liver and egg yolks"
• "In the absence of sufficient choline, even healthy saturated fats can contribute to fatty liver. Choline minimizes liver fat no matter what the source, and the more dietary fat you consume — even if the fat itself is healthy — the higher your requirement for choline"
• "Studies in the 1930s demonstrated that lecithin in egg yolk (which contains high amounts of choline) could cure fatty liver disease in Type 1 diabetic dogs. They later found choline alone provided the same benefit"

The Supreme Court on Monday refused to entertain a plea challenging the Centre’s Ordinance which restored the roster-based reservation system for appointment of faculty members in higher educational institutions.

The pleas challenging the March 7 promulgation of The Central Educational Institutions (Reservation in Teachers’ Cadre) Ordinance, 2019 came up for hearing before a Bench of Justices S.A. Bobde and Sanjiv Khanna.

The Bench told the counsels appearing for the petitioner to approach the High Court with the grievance.

“Why cannot you go to the High Court?” the Bench asked.

When one of the advocates said the issue will have ramification on entire country, the Bench said, “Parliament legislation applicable all over India can be dealt with by the high courts. We are on the issue of jurisdiction. Why have you come here first?”

Advocate Gopal Shankarnarayanan, appearing for petitioners, said the Ordinance tends to nullify the apex court’s order.

The top court in February dismissed the Centre’s plea seeking review of its earlier verdict by which it had declined to interfere with the decision of the Allahabad High Court on the crucial quota issue.

While dismissing the review petition, the apex court said that individual departments and not universities or colleges will be considered as a unit for implementing reservation for SC/ST or OBC in appointing faculties members.

On January 21, 2019 it had dismissed the appeals of the Centre and the University Grants Commission (UGC) against the order of Allahabad High Court which had ruled that quota for SC/ST or OBC in posts of faculty will be calculated department-wise and not college or university-wise.

During the hearing on March 25, when one of the advocates said that the matter was urgent as it involves constitutional issues, the Bench observed, “Every third matter here has a constitutional issue.”

The apex court allowed the petitioner to withdraw the plea and granted him liberty to approach the respective High Court.

As per the Ordinance, the new system will consider the university or college as one unit, instead of treating department or subject as one unit.

“The Cabinet has approved proposal for promulgation of The Central Educational Institutions (Reservation in Teachers’ Cadre) Ordinance, 2019 to provide for the reservation of faculty in appointments by direct recruitment of persons belonging to Scheduled Castes [SC], Scheduled Tribes [ST] and Socially and Educationally Backward Classes [SEBL] in central educational institutions and for matters connected there with,” Union Minister Arun Jaitley had said at a press conference earlier this month.

The ordinance will ensure that constitutional provisions of reservation for SC, ST and SEBL in the faculty recruitment will be protected and current impasse in recruitment would be resolved.

A series of protests took place over the issue by various students’ and teachers’ organisations urging the government to bring an ordinance to restore the 200-point roster taking college or university as a unit for reservation in teaching posts.

The University Grants Commission (UGC) had announced last March that an individual department should be considered as the base unit to calculate the number of teaching posts to be reserved for the SC and ST candidates, following an order by the Allahabad High Court in April 2017.

Image copyright Getty Images

A supplement given to breastfed premature babies after they leave hospital can prevent weight loss at a crucial time in their development, a small study suggests.

Doctors in Southampton found eight weeks of extra nutrients led to better growth in babies a year later.

It also gave mothers confidence and encouraged them to continue breastfeeding, they report.

Larger studies are now needed to confirm the findings.

Breast milk alone does not always meet the dietary needs of vulnerable babies born before 37 weeks, with about half failing to grow properly.

Dr Luise Marino, clinical academic paediatric dietician at Southampton Children's Hospital, said all babies' weights dip by about 10% soon after birth, through water loss.

"But you don't want preterm babies to do that," she said.

"They don't have as much fat, minerals or iron, so they need extra nutrients."

Currently, in the UK, breastfed premature babies are given a supplement packed with proteins and minerals, such as calcium, during their stay on neonatal units.

At this stage, the supplements, also known as breast milk fortifier, are mixed with breast milk and given to babies through feeding tubes.

However, once premature babies are sent home, when they have reached an acceptable weight, the supplements stop.

GPs cannot prescribe them, and so any additional nutrients these babies need are often obtained from formula milk, the researchers from Southampton Children's Hospital said.

They looked at the effects of giving the supplements to 32 mothers and their babies for eight weeks at home and found improvements in the newborns' weight, head growth and length, at eight weeks and again at 12 months, compared with premature babies who were only breastfed.

The average weight of babies in the study was 2.8lb (1.3kg) at birth, and most were born at about 30 weeks of pregnancy.

When they went home, the babies weighed 5.5lb on average.

The supplement sachets can be added to a small amount of expressed breast milk and given to babies by cup or syringe before each breastfeed.

Dr Marino said parents involved in the study said they felt less worried about their baby's growth and found it easy to give the supplements to their babies.

She said larger studies were now needed to see if the results could be repeated.

The study is published in Archives of Disease in Childhood.

In view of the transaction, DSM will consolidate the activities of Andre Pectin in its group results. The transaction is expected to close in Q1/Q2 2019.
 
Andre Pectin is located in Yantai, Shandong Province in China. The company is Asia’s largest producer of apple and citrus pectin, hydrocolloids providing texture solutions for food, beverages, and personal care, with premier access to the world’s fastest-growing specialty food ingredients market. Andre Pectin employs about 410 employees. The company has strong organic sales and profit growth track record and generates attractive margins. It is a highly innovative company with a strong sustainability profile.
 
Together with DSM’s majority stakes in DSM Zhongken Biotechnology Co., Ltd. and DSM Rainbow (Inner Mongolia) Biotechnology Co. Ltd., DSM has a strong hydrocolloid product portfolio with gellum gum, xanthan gum, wellan gum, and pectin-based solutions, which DSM offers to the food, beverage, and personal care markets.
 
Hydrocolloids are thickeners and stabilizers that dissolve, disperse or swell in water to provide a broad range of important functionalities and physical attributes including gelling, texture, mouthfeel, viscosity and suspension. Demand for hydrocolloids is driven by three underlying consumer trends: the quest for convenient foods and beverages, consumers’ increasing demand for dairy and plant-based protein drinks and the trend towards clean labeling.
 

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Chapter 2, Manufacturing Cost Structure, Raw Material and Suppliers, Manufacturing Process, Industry Chain Structure;
Chapter 3, Technical Data and Manufacturing Plants Analysis of Vitamin D , Capacity and Commercial Production Date, Manufacturing Plants Distribution, R&D Status and Technology Source, Raw Materials Sources Analysis;
Chapter 4, Overall Market Analysis, Capacity Analysis (Company Segment), Sales Analysis (Company Segment), Sales Price Analysis (Company Segment);
Chapter 5 and 6, Regional Market Analysis that includes United States, China, Europe, Japan, Korea & Taiwan, Vitamin D Segment Market Analysis (by Type);
Chapter 7 and 8, The Vitamin D Segment Market Analysis (by Application) Major Manufacturers Analysis of Vitamin D ;
Chapter 9, Market Trend Analysis, Regional Market Trend, Market Trend by Product Type Feed Grade, Pharmaceutical Grade, Food Grade, Market Trend by Application Feed Industry, Medicine Industry, Food Industry;
Chapter 10, Regional Marketing Type Analysis, International Trade Type Analysis, Supply Chain Analysis;
Chapter 11, The Consumers Analysis of Global Vitamin D ;
Chapter 12, Vitamin D Research Findings and Conclusion, Appendix, methodology and data source;
Chapter 13, 14 and 15, Vitamin D sales channel, distributors, traders, dealers, Research Findings and Conclusion, appendix and data source.

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